Subsurface voids pose significant challenges to geotechnical integrity. Accurately identifying these voids is fundamental for ensuring the security of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole examination, can be expensive and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground electrical

Cavity characterization plays a crucial role in geotechnical design processes. A thorough understanding of cavity geometry and characteristics is essential for effectively assessing the potential impact on foundations . Geotechnical engineers utilize diverse techniques to characterize cavities, including remote sensing . These methods furnish valu

Geophysical exploration employs a crucial role in the identification and evaluation of potential mineral orebodies. By employing various physical methods, geologists can penetrate beneath the Earth's surface to localize subsurface structures and signatures indicative of mineral presence. These geophysical techniques often involve the measurement o